The underlying structures of bfrs and cfrs vary widely and include. More than 70% of the market in the usa and western europe are held by these companies 17. This survey concerns brominated flame retardants bfrs. A number of brominated and chlorinated organic chemical compounds are used as flame retardants bfrs and cfrs. Take a look a what are brominated flame retardants and why they are used. In the commercial market, more than 75 different bfrs are recognized. Investigations into taming fire go back centuries and, as with most things, it was the the chinese who first innovated solutions. Brominated flame retardants ethel eljarrat springer. Two substances in the brominated phthalates cluster flame retardants workplan were identified as confidential a and confidential b. Companies add them to the materials used to make electronics, clothing.
Several novel brominated flame retardants nbfrs, such decabromodiphenyl ethane dbdpe and bis2,4,6tribromophenoxy ethane btbpe, have been developed as replacements for pbdes. Like other brominated flame retardants, pbdes have been used in a wide array of products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles. Prevalence of historical and replacement brominated flame retardant chemicals in new york city homes. Flame retardants references and further reading by author. Rohs and brominated flame retardants chemanageronline. They are very effective in plastics and textile applications, e. Manufacturers claim that brominated flame retardants are the most effective additives for slowing down the spread of flame on polymers that catch fire. Brominated flame retardants health care without harm. They are effective in plastics and textile applications, e. Research shows that brominated flame retardants are building up in our bodies, and are linked to birth defects, growth problems, hearing loss, major organ system damage, early onset puberty and schizophrenia. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the european environment. Notably, while these standards do not mandate the use of pbdes, they can be difficult. Apr 15, 20 the potential risks of flame retardants have been known for some time. The widespread presence of flame retardant chemicals in electronic wastes led delegates par.
Although some bfrs are banned or voluntarily withdrawn from usage by the manufacturer, emerging and existing bfrs continue to be used in industrialized countries. Concerned that health care may be an inadvertent source of hazardous flame retardants, contaminating the environment, people, and the food web, health care without harm has prepared this report to summarize the latest scientific research on halogenated brominated flame retardants, including their toxicity, persistence, and presence. Brominated flame retardants in baby products natural. Bvo is patented by chemical companies as a flame retardant. New chapters in this release include an introduction of emerging halogenated flame. To date, at least 75 different brominated flame retardants bfrs alaee et al. What is epa doing to assess the risks from flame retardants, and which flame retardant chemicals are included. A class of brominated flame retardants known as polybrominated diphenylethers pbdes are under assault from environmental activists and regulators both in the united states and overseas. Flame retardants made with bromine, such as pbdes, are endocrine disrupting.
There are five brominated flame retardants that, historically, are the most widely used and about which there is. Brominated flame or fire retardants bfrs include a wide range of chemicals added to household furnishings and products to inhibit their ignition and reduce the chance of fire. Notably, while these standards do not mandate the use of pbdes, they can be difficult to pass without the addition of flame retardant chemicals. Reducing the use of flame retardants and the six classes of harmful chemicals duration. Triiso distributes reactive and nonreactive brominated flame retardants for use in polyurethane and polyurea applications. Brominated and chlorinated organic chemical compounds used as flame retardants scientific document. Flame retardants references and further reading by author alongi j. Flame retardants can be either reactive or additive. They are effective in plastics and textile applications like electronics, clothes and furniture. Brominated flame retardants the handbook of environmental. Brominated vegetable oilflame retardant in sodas, otc.
Sep 29, 2011 new studies have underscored the potentially harmful health effects of the most widely used flame retardants, found in everything from baby blankets to carpets. Some bfrs, such as the polybrominated biphenyls pbb, were removed from the. Brominated and chlorinated organic chemical compounds used as flame retardants. In 2009, more than 170 governments agreed on the global elimination of three flame retardants through the stockholm convention. Bfrs are currently the largest marketed flame retardant group due to their high performance efficiency and low cost. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers pbdes are a class of brominated flame retardant bfr chemicals that were widely added to furniture, textiles, electronics and. The emerging brominated flame retardant, 1,2dibromo41,2 dibromoethyl cyclohexane tbech has recently attracted strong interest due to its extensive detection in environment and potential toxic. The history of flame retardant research and regulation in the united states.
Mar 02, 2001 they combine combustion, flame retardants, smoke and toxic products and materialspecific aspects of combustion in relation to textiles, composites, and bulk polymers. According to the environmental protection agency, brominated flame retardants bfrs are organohalogens that make up the most heavily used flame retardants in the commercial market because they are cheap to make and work efficiently. Nbfrs are used in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. They are effective in plastics and textile applications like electronics, clothes. Flame retardants refer to a broad class of chemicals used in the production of a variety of commercial goods 282,283. An investigation of brominated flame retardants bfrs, polybrominated diphenylethers pbdes, and chlorinated flame retardants was conducted in samples from canadian wastewater treatment plants wwtps.
They have been used in many consumer and industrial products since the 1970s, to decrease the ability of materials to ignite. Brominated flame retardants bfrs refer to over 75 different brominecontaining chemicals used to inhibit ignition of combustible organic materials. Novel brominated flame retardants in food composites and human milk from the chinese total diet study in 2011. Novel brominated flame retardants in food composites and. In 1977, brominated tris was banned from use in childrens pajamas after researchers showed that it could damage dna in. Occurrence, levels and profiles of brominated flame retardants in.
The real story behind flame retardant baby clothes. Analysis and fate of emerging brominated and fluorinated organic pollutants, volume 87 in the comprehensive analytical chemistry series, contains a wide range of topics on flame retardants in the environment, specifically focusing on halogenated flame retardants. Brominated flame retardants may also change the physical properties of plastics, resulting in inferior performance in recycled products and in downcycling of the materials. Brominated flame retardants protect people, property and the natural environment efficiently from fires. Brominated flame retardants bfrs are mixtures of manmade chemicals that are added to a wide variety of products, including for industrial use, to make them less flammable.
Brominated flame retardants bfrs are organobromine compounds that have an inhibitory effect on combustion chemistry and tend to reduce the flammability. Readers interested in alternatives for hbcds secondary uses, such as in textiles and electronics housings, can refer to dfes flame retardant alternatives for decabromodiphenyl ether decabde partnership, which considers alternative flame retardants for a wider range of polymers and applications. Flame retardants in consumer products are linked to health. The following list of physicalchemical properties of brominated flame retardants is based on oecd 94 1 and ipcs 1997 2. Tbbpa is used in about 90% of all printed circuit boards and is the most researched flame retardant for this application. Partnership to evaluate flame retardant alternatives to hbcd. Brominated flame retardants bfrs are organobromine compounds that have an inhibitory effect on combustion chemistry and tend to reduce the flammability of products containing them. Luckily, in 1996 the consumer product safety commission voted to introduce a loophole in the law. Survey of brominated flame retardants miljostyrelsen. The story of how we ended up with childrens items and children full of flame retardants begins in the early 1970s, when manufacturers began incorporating the flame retardant tdcpp tris1,3dichloro2propyl phosphate into kids pajamas and then, gradually, into furniture, mattresses, and other flammable items. There are five main classes of bfrs, listed here with their common uses. Introduction to brominated flame retardants, danish. They are structurally akin to the polychlorinated biphenyls and other polyhalogenated compounds, consisting of two halogenated aromatic rings.
Halogenated flame retardants also known as organohalogen flame retardants containing chlorine or bromine bonded to carbon. Brominated flame retardants polyurethanes request quote. The list include all brominated flame retardants in commercial use according to ipcs 1997 2. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or pbdes, are a class of organobromine compounds that are used as flame retardants. Dec 18, 2012 in our previous study on flame retardants in baby products, we also found some foam samples treated with more than one commercial mixture.
Bfrs belong to a growing group of organohalogen chemicals. It is also banned in over 100 countries, but it is still used in the u. Introduction to brominated flame retardants commercially products applications and physicochemical properties human health effects of brominated flame retardants sample preparation and chromatographic methods applied to congenerspecific analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers recent methodologies for brominated flame retardant. Prevalence of historical and replacement brominated flame. Relatively small amounts are needed to obtain high flame protection. This is a book chapter covering history, environmental contamination, human exposure, health effects, toxicokinetics and future directions. It indicates substances of concern whose use should be reduced or elimi. Brominated flame retardants bfrs have routinely been added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce firerelated injury and property damage. Flame retardants give people more time to escape a fire by delaying flashover, the explosivelike eruption of flames responsible for most of the fatalities and property damage in. A few years ago, a paper was published on the presence of poly brominated diphenyl ethers pbdes, a specific group of brominated flame retardants or bfrs, in breast milk originating from sweden3.
They combine combustion, flame retardants, smoke and toxic products and materialspecific aspects of combustion in relation to textiles, composites, and bulk polymers. Stuff you dont really need to know but is still quite interesting anyway wp. Appendix 3 physicalchemical properties of brominated flame retardants. Binding and metabolism of brominated flame retardant. The brominated variety of commercialized chemical flame retardants comprise approximately 19. Brominated flame retardants bfrs save thousands of lives every year dr veronique steukers, chair of european brominated flame retardant industry panel. Novel and high volume use flame retardants in us couches. Brominated flame retardants make the plastic used in tv casings more resistant to ignition and slow the progress of fire. Between 2002 and 2008, the manufacture of brominated flame retardants known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers pbdes was banned or phased out in europe and the u. Recently, concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of. After the restriction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a large number of chemically diverse replacement frs are increasingly used, but the risk they represent is not yet properly evaluated and their toxicity pathways are still poorly understood.
Survey of brominated flame retardants 7 preface background and objectives the danish environmental protection agencys list of undesirable substances lous is intended as a guide for enterprises. This book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information for environmental scientists interested in brominated flame retardant issues, and for authorities. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers pbdes are a class of brominated flame retardant bfr chemicals that were widely added to furniture, textiles, electronics and other consumer products manufactured in the united states to meet fire safety standards passed in the 1970s. Brominated flame retardants bfrs have been found in arctic wildlife, lake sediment, and air. Brominated flame retardants are produced by a few major manufacturers. Of all the commercialized chemical flame retardants, the brominated variety are widely used 19. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers pbdes plastics, textiles. Fire retardant material a history specialistworkclothing. The contributors include the latest research in the nanocomposites, making it an essential source for anyone working with, studying, and developing fire retardant materials. They can be highly persistent, bioaccumulative and cause adverse effects in humans and wildlife. Brominated flame retardants bfrs belong to a large class of compounds known as organohalogens. Impacts of unregulated novel brominated flame retardants on. In recent years, concern surrounding the toxicity of this class of chemicals has risen due to the widespread accumulation of several types of bfrs in humans and in the. The entry in lous for the brominated flame retardants is certain brominated flame retardants.
Although other types of flame retardants exist, bfrs are commonly used because they are effective and cheap. The pentabde mixture and decabde were most commonly detected. For many years, these flame retardants have improved public safety by reducing the flammability of everyday items including computers, furnishings and mattresses. So far, studies have been primarily focused on three groups. Of the commercialized chemical flame retardants, the brominated variety are most widely used. Brominated flame retardants are organobromine compounds that have an inhibitory effect on combustion chemistry and tend to reduce the flammability of products containing them. The inhibitory effects of five novel brominated flame retardants, 1,2bis2,4,5tribromophenoxyethane btbpe, decabromodiphenylethane dbdpe, 2ethylhexyl2,3,4,5tetrabromobenzoate ehtbb, bis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalate behtebp, and. Flame retardants frs are used in most consumer products and textiles to comply with current flammability standards. The cluster is a group of seven chemicals at least two of which, tbb and tbph, are found in commercial flame retardant formulations. Deposition history of brominated flame retardant compounds in. Analysis of halogenated flame retardants in canadian. Brominated flame retardants are particularly effective flame retardants which help protect property and lives in the event of a fire.
Brominated flame retardants the handbook of environmental chemistry. Flame retardants can be composed of many different materials, but brominated compounds, including polybrominated diphenyl. Mar 16, 2010 advantages of brominated flame retardants every year, in spite of societys best efforts, fire is likely to kill over 4,000 people in europe alone and to result in burns for thousands. Brominated flame retardants science inventory us epa. Flame retardants are chemicals that are applied to materials to prevent the start or slow the growth of fire. A history of innovations and developments in flame retardancy technology. They are used commonly in plastics, textiles and electricalelectronic equipment. Brominated flame retardants the handbook of environmental chemistry eljarrat, ethel, barcelo, damia on. Lessons learned from flame retardant use and regulation could.
They are used in plastics, textiles, electronic circuitry, and other materials to prevent fires. Last summer, epa released a problem formulation and data needs assessment describing the inadequacy of data available to conduct risk assessments on a group of brominated phthalate flame retardants two of which are major components in widely used firemaster products. Recently, concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of the occurrence of several classes of bfrs in the environment and in human biota. We define the term nbfrs as relating to bfrs which are new to the market or newlyrecently observed in the environment. Not all flame retardants present concerns, but the following types often do. Please be advised that these two substances refer to chemicals reported in the tsca section 5 program as p960965 and p040404. In 1977, when researchers discovered that two commonly used fire retardant chemicals brominated and chlorinated tris were very dangerous and mutated your dna, those particular chemicals were banned. When materials that have been protected with a brominated flame retardant burn, a chemical process starts which entails the fire being stopped in the initial stage so that the spread of. There are around 80 different types of brominated flame retardants, which have widely varying chemical properties. Tbbpa, decabde and hbcd are the three main commercial brominated flame retardants.
Prioritization of hazards of novel flame retardants using the. Brominated flame retardants were also imported as contained in finished articles. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers pbdes, a common class of brominated flame retardants bfrs, are a ubiquitous part of our built environment. Impacts of unregulated novel brominated flame retardants. The worlds major bfr manufacturers are great lakes chemical usa, albemarle corporation usa and dead sea bromine group israel. Brominated flame retardants are often regarded as being the most effective flame retardant. Emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment. The dangers of brominated fire retardants internachi. Brominated flame retardants bfrs are organobromide compounds that have an inhibitory effect on the ignition of combustible organic materials. With the global phasingout of popbfrs brominated flame retardants restricted under the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants, the main. Despite the risks of flame retardants, the laws requiring flame retardant fabrics remained on the books. Tbech, on thyroid hormone deiodinase dio and sulfotransferase sult activity were investigated using human in.
Within this group the polybrominated diphenyl ethers pbde constitute one class of many that are found in electrical appliances, building materials, and textiles. Over the years, some of their products have come under regulatory scrutiny because of concerns over bioaccumulation and toxicity. Scientists uncover new brominated flame retardant in consumer. Use of legacy brominated flame retardants bfrs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers pbdes and hexabromocyclododecane hbcd, has been reduced due to adverse effects of these chemicals. The brominated flame retardants were included in the first list in lous in 1998 and have remained on the list since that time. It appears that plastics with brominated flame retardants are mingling with flameretardantfree plastics in the recycling stream and such downcycling is taking place.